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IT HAS BEEN PROPOSED that it is possible to treat brain tumors non-invasively through the skull using focused ultrasound. An ultrasound beam causes elevation in tissue temperature at its focus; the size of this focus can be tightly controlled to produce a highly discrete effect on the tissue, triggering local cell death. The major hurdle to non-invasive intracranial focused ultrasound is solving the problem of propagation of the waves through the bones of the skull (Clement, et al Phys. Med. Biol. 2002). Firstly, the interface between the bone and the brain causes heat deposition in the bone and hence a loss in acoustic power delivered into the brain. Secondly, the skull is geometrically irregular; the propagation of acoustic waves through the skull does not take a general analytic form.
The task is to determine the optimum driving inputs to a multi-segmented ultrasound transducer array so that a tight ultrasound focus is created inside the skull. Retrospective experimental studies and recent aproval for clinical studies demonstrate that these sets of inputs exist. Therefore research is being performed on acoustic analysis based on the geometric and material properties of cranial tissues extracted from CT and MRI data.
Some Web-Based information is available at:
http://www.iop.org/news/416 (2002)
http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/health/1910459.stm (2002)
http://physicsweb.org/articles/news/6/4/3/1 (2002)
http://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT00147056 (2005)
http://www.mydna.com/health/brain_tumor/resources/news/200509/news_20050921_ulskul.html (2005)
http://www.radiologytoday.net/archive/rt_091905p14.shtml (2005)
Select Peer Reviewed Papers on Transskull Therapy from the Focused Ultrasound Group at Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women's Hospital.
J. Aarnio, G.T. Clement and K. Hynynen, "A new method for determining the acoustic phase shifts cased by the skull bone." Ultrasound in medicine and Biology 2005 Jun;31(6):771-80.
P White, Greg T. Clement, Kullervo Hynynen, "Transcranial Ultrasound Focus Reconstruction with Phase and Amplitude Correction" V15(9): 1518-1522, IEEE Transactions on Ultrasonics Ferroelectrics and Frequency Cont, 2005
Gregory T. Clement, PhD, FInstP, P. Jason White, MS, Randy L. King, MS, Nathan McDannold, PhD and Kullervo Hynynen, PhD
"An MRI-Compatible Large Scale Array for Transskull Ultrasound Surgery and Therapy" 24:1117-1125 • 0278-4297
, Journal of Ultrasound in Medicine 2005.
Hynynen K, McDannold N, Sheikov NA, et al.
Local and reversible blood-brain barrier disruption by noninvasive focused ultrasound at frequencies suitable for trans-skull sonications
NEUROIMAGE 24 (1): 12-20 JAN 1 2005
Connor CW, Hynynen K
Patterns of thermal deposition in the skull during transcranial focused ultrasound surgery
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING 51 (10): 1693-1706 OCT 2004
Hynynen K, Clement GT, McDannold N, et al.
500-element ultrasound phased array system for noninvasive focal surgery of the brain: A preliminary rabbit study with ex vivo human skulls
MAGNETIC RESONANCE IN MEDICINE 52 (1): 100-107 JUL 2004
Clement GT, White PJ, Hynynen K
Enhanced ultrasound transmission through the human skull using shear mode conversion
Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 115(3): 1356-1364 2004
McDannold N, King RL, Hynynen K
MRI monitoring of heating produced by ultrasound absorption in the skull: In vivo study in pigs
MAGNETIC RESONANCE IN MEDICINE 51 (5): 1061-1065 MAY 2004
Clement GT, Hynynen K
Forward planar projection through layered media
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ULTRASONICS FERROELECTRICS AND FREQUENCY CONTROL 50 (12):
McDannold N, Moss M, Killiany R, et al.
MRI-guided focused ultrasound surgery in the brain: Tests in a primate model
MAGNETIC RESONANCE IN MEDICINE 49 (6): 1188-1191 JUN 2003
Connor CW, Clement GT, Hynynen K
A unified model for the speed of sound in cranial bone based on genetic algorithm optimization
PHYSICS IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 47 (22): 3925-3944 NOV 21 2002
Clement GT, Hynynen K
Correlation of ultrasound phase with physical skull properties
ULTRASOUND IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 28 (5): 617-624 MAY 2002
Clement GT, Hynynen K
A non-invasive method for focusing ultrasound through the human skull
PHYSICS IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 47 (8): 1219-1236 APR 21 2002
Clement GT, Hynynen K
Micro-receiver guided transcranial beam steering
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ULTRASONICS FERROELECTRICS AND FREQUENCY CONTROL 49 (4): 447-453 APR 2002
Vaughan TE, Hynynen K
Effects of parameter errors in the simulation of transcranial focused ultrasound
PHYSICS IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 47 (1): 37-45 JAN 7 2002
Hayner M, Hynynen K
Numerical analysis of ultrasonic transmission and absorption of oblique plane waves through the human skull
JOURNAL OF THE ACOUSTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 110 (6): 3319-3330 DEC 2001
Clement GT, Sun J, Hynynen K
The role of internal reflection in transskull phase distortion
ULTRASONICS 39 (2): 109-113 MAR 2001
Clement GT, Sun J, Giesecke T, et al.
A hemisphere array for non-invasive ultrasound brain therapy and surgery
PHYSICS IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 45 (12): 3707-3719 DEC 2000
Vykhodtseva N, Sorrento V, Jolesz FA, et al.
MRI detection of the thermal effects of focused ultrasound on the brain
ULTRASOUND IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 26 (5): 871-880 JUN 2000
Clement GT, White J, Hynynen K
Investigation of a large-area phased array for focused ultrasound surgery through the skull
PHYSICS IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 45 (4): 1071-1083 APR 2000
Hynynen K, Sun J
Trans-skull ultrasound therapy: The feasibility of using image-derived skull thickness information to correct the phase distortion
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ULTRASONICS FERROELECTRICS AND FREQUENCY CONTROL 46 (3): 752-755 MAY 1999
Morocz IA, Hynynen K, Gudbjartsson H, et al.
Drain edema development after MRI-guided focused ultrasound treatment
JMRI-JOURNAL OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING 8 (1): 136-142 JAN-FEB 1998
Sun J, Hynynen K
The potential of transskull ultrasound therapy and surgery using the maximum available skull surface area
JOURNAL OF THE ACOUSTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 105 (4): 2519-2527 APR 1999
Sun J, Hynynen K
Focusing of therapeutic ultrasound through a human skull: A numerical study
JOURNAL OF THE ACOUSTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 104 (3): 1705-1715 Part 1 SEP 1998
Hynynen K, Jolesz FA
Demonstration of potential noninvasive ultrasound brain therapy through an intact skull
ULTRASOUND IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 24 (2): 275-283 FEB 1998
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